It replaces two older incompatible naming schemes, used by the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS, more popular in the United States), and by IUPAC before 1988 (more popular in Europe). The modern numbering system of 'group 1' to 'group 18' has been recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) since 1988. There are three systems of group numbering for the groups the same number may be assigned to different groups depending on the system being used. The elements in a group have similar physical or chemical characteristics of the outermost electron shells of their atoms (i.e., the same core charge), because most chemical properties are dominated by the orbital location of the outermost electron.

There are 18 numbered groups in the periodic table the 14 f-block columns, between groups 2 and 3, are not numbered. In chemistry, a group (also known as a family) is a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements. In the periodic table of the elements, each column is a group. The noble gases and helium are all 'happy,' because their valence shell is full.Column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements Even though it only has two electrons, it is still grouped with the noble gases that have eight electrons in their outermost orbitals. It is very stable with only two electrons in its outer orbital (valence shell). Helium (He) is different from all of the other elements. Your chemistry work will most likley use molecular hydrogen (H 2) or hydrogen ions (H +, protons). Atomic hydrogen wants to combine with other elements to fill its outer shell. You probably won't find atomic hydrogens floating around by themselves. There is only one electron and one proton. Hydrogen, in its neutral form, does not have a neutron. Hydrogen (H) and helium (He) are special elements. However, because the atomic number for phosphorus is fifteen, the electron configuration is 2-8-5. Phosphorus (P) is also in Group VA which means it also has five electrons in its outer orbital. All of that information tells you there are two electrons in the first orbital and five in the second (2-5). The 'V' is the Roman numeral for five and represents the number of electrons in the outer orbital.

How many electrons are in its outer orbital? Nitrogen is in the fifteenth column, labelled 'Group VA'. The atomic number tells you there are seven electrons in a neutral atom of nitrogen. Transition elements add electrons to the second-to-last orbital.įor example, nitrogen (N) has the atomic number seven. There are exceptions to the order when you look at the transition elements, but you get the general idea. As you keep counting the columns, you'll know how many electrons are in the outer shell. Every element in the second column (group two) has two electrons in the outer shell. They are the electrons involved in chemical bonds with other elements.Įvery element in the first column (group one) has one electron in its outer shell. Those outer electrons are also called valence electrons. The elements in each group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbital. The periodic table also has a special name for its vertical columns. Now you know about periods going left to right. At this time, there is a maximum of seven electron orbitals. As you move down the table, every row adds an orbital. All of the elements in the second row (the second period) have two orbitals for their electrons. For example, every element in the top row (the first period) has one orbital for its electrons. All of the elements in a period have the same number of atomic orbitals. When you look at the periodic table, each row is called a period (Get it? Like PERIODic table.). Magnesium and sodium (Na) also share qualities because the are in the same period (similar electron configurations).Įven though they skip some squares in between, all of the rows read left to right. For example, magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Mg) are found in column two and share certain similarities while potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) from row four share different characteristics. Each row and column has specific characteristics. As with any grid, the periodic table has rows (left to right) and columns (up and down). Each element is placed in a specific location because of its atomic structure. The periodic table is organized like a big grid.

Chemistry periodic table names